![]() To help show this three-dimensional shape even more accurately, we can rely on space-filling models as well as ball-and-stick models. Lactose is a disaccharide consisting of glucose and galactose and is found naturally in milk. Common disaccharides include lactose, maltose, and sucrose. We will discuss the significance of these electrons at the end of this section. In a sucrose molecule, the 1 1 carbon of glucose is connected to the 2 2 carbon of fructose, so this bond is called a 1 1 2 2 glycosidic linkage. The two dots above nitrogen indicate a lone pair of electrons that are not involved in any covalent bond. However, in the more detailed structural formula on the right, we have a dashed line to indicate that the rightmost hydrogen atom is sitting behind the plane of the screen, while the bold wedge indicates that the center hydrogen is sitting out in front of the plane of the screen. In the structural formula to the left, we are only seeing a two-dimensional approximation of this molecule. ![]() ![]() Keep in mind, however, that atoms and molecules, just like everything else in the universe, exist in three dimensions-they have length and width, as well as depth. From both of these structural formulas, we can see that the central nitrogen atom is connected to each hydrogen atom by a single covalent bond.
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